Inkunkuma yeepaneli zelanga kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ngaphezu kwama-4000 epesenti kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.Ngaba ishishini lokurisayikilisha lephaneli yesola likulungele ukusingatha le mithamo?Ngemfuno yeepaneli ezintsha esanda kakhulu kwaye izixhobo eziluhlaza zinqabile, ugqatso luyaqhubeka.
Iphaneli yelangaukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kuba ngumngeni wokwenene.Okubaluleke kakhulu kwisicwangciso se-zero sase-UK, amandla elanga lukhetho oluhlala luhleli noluzinzileyo kumashishini nakumakhaya, kwaye lukhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ngo-2021, i-UK yongeze i-730MW yomthamo omtsha welanga, ithatha umthamo opheleleyo ukuya kwi-14.6GW, ukunyuka kweepesenti ze-5.3 ukusuka ku-2020, kwaye - kwikota yesibini ka-2022 - amandla elanga abe negalelo le-6.4 yeepesenti yombane opheleleyo wase-UK.Ngaphakathi kweSicwangciso soKhuseleko lwaMandla ka-Epreli, iSebe lezoShishino, amandla kunye neSicwangciso soShishino (BEIS) liqinisekisile ukuba, ngo-2035, ukuthunyelwa kwelanga lase-UK kulindeleke ukuba kunyuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu, kuthathe umthamo opheleleyo ukuya kwi-70GW: malunga neepesenti ezili-15 ze-UK eqikelelwayo. (kunye nokunyusa) iimfuno zombane, ngokukaMcKinsey.
Umba osakhulayo ngowokwenza iiphaneli zelanga xa sele zifikelele esiphelweni seminyaka engama-30 yobomi bazo.Njengoko ukukhula kweemarike kuqhubeka nokunyuka ukuya kwixesha elizayo, kuya kuba njalo nemfumba ekhulayo yenkunkuma yelanga.Ngokwe-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), i-UK iqikelelwe ukuba ivelise iitoni ezingama-30,000 zenkunkuma yelanga kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.Kwaye, ukunyuka kweepaneli ezingasebenziyo kuqikelelwa ukuba kuya kubetha imarike ngo-2030s, xaiiphaneli zelangaukusuka kwiwaka leminyaka iqalisa ukudodobala.I-IRENA iqikelela inkunkuma yehlabathi evela kwiipaneli zelanga iya kuba phakathi kwe-1.7 yezigidi kunye ne-8 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2030.
Ngaphaya koko, umqobo onokuthi ubekho ekuboneleleni ngemathiriyeli ekrwada, kunye nemfuno yeephaneli ezimiselwe ukodlula ukufumaneka kwamalungu anyulu.
Uxinzelelo luyakha kwishishini lokuhlaziya i-solar panel ukuba linyuse umthamo walo ukuze likwazi ukumelana nokunyuka kweepaneli ezingasebenziyo kunye nokuxhasa ukwenziwa kweepaneli zelanga ezintsha.NgoJulayi, u-Sam Vanderhoof, ingcali yoshishino lwelanga, ucebise ukuba - kwihlabathi jikelele - ipaneli enye kuphela kwishumi le-photovoltaic (PV) iphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona kwaye enye iphelela kwi-landfill, kwakhona ibhekisela kwidatha evela kwi-IRENA.
Ummiselo kunye nokuthotyelwa
E-UK,iiphaneli zelanga zihlelwa ngokusesikweni njengeUmbane kunye ne-ElectronicIzixhobo(EEE), phantsi kweCandelo elizinikeleyo le-14. Ngoko ke, iiphaneli zePV zigqunywa yiNkunkuma ye-EEE (WEEE) Regulations;Ukuphela kobomi babo kubekwa esweni kwaye uphuhliso lweziseko eziluqilima zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwi-solar panel sele luqhuba.
Abavelisi beephaneli zesola banyanzelekile ukuba bajoyine iNkqubo yokuThobela uMvelisi (PCS), iitoni zokunika ingxelo eziziswe kwimarike kunye nokufumana amanqaku okuthobela ukugubungela uhlaziyo lwexesha elizayo lwezo yunithi.Kufuneka kwakhona bamakishe iimveliso ukucebisa abasebenzisi kunye nezibonelelo zonyango zokwakheka kwezinto kunye nokulahlwa okuchanekileyo.
Ngaxeshanye, abasasazi kufuneka baqokelele iimveliso zokuphela kobomi.Kufuneka babe nenkqubo yokubuyisela umva kwinkunkuma yePV okanye babe negalelo kwisikim esivunywe nguRhulumente sokuthatha umva.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokukaScott Butler, uMlawuli oyiNtloko we-Material Focus, i-NGO exhaswa ngemali kwi-WEEE imirhumo yokuthotyelwa, kukho iingqwalasela ezahlukileyo eziya kuchaphazela ukubuyiswa kweepaneli zelanga: amakhaya.Ngelixa iyimveliso yasekhaya, asiyonto abantu abaninzi abaya kukwazi ukuyiphatha ngokwabo.
"Ndiyacinga ukuba ukukhutshwa kufuneka kubandakanye ingcali ebhalisiweyo yombane oyintloko ... kwaye inokuba ngundoqo ekulawuleni le [nkunkuma].Nangona kunokuba nzima kuba abalungiselelanga ukuphatha inkunkuma, akunzima kangako ukuba ngumthwali wenkunkuma. ”
U-Butler uphawula ukuba iiphaneli zelanga ngoku ezisondela ekupheleni kobomi zinokungqina umngeni ukuphinda zisetyenziswe ngenxa yokwahluka kwemveliso: “Ngokuphathelele kuhlaziyo, ndicinga ukuba umceli mngeni ngeePVs iza kukuqonda ikhemistri kuba, ngakumbi ekuqaleni, kukho imixube emininzi yeekhemikhali eqhubekayo.Izinto eziza kuqala ukuphuma ngoku zindala kakhulu, iminyaka engama-20 ngumjikelo omde kakhulu.Ke mhlawumbi kukho umsantsa wolwazi onokuthi utsalelwe ukuba ngubani obeka ntoni emarikeni kwaye yintoni. ”
Iinkqubo zokurisayikilisha
Iinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwiipaneli ziyahluka ngokokwakheka kweepaneli zelanga, eyona ixhaphake kakhulu yi-silicon-based.Ezaziwa ngokufikeleleka kwazo kunye nokuguquguquka, iiphaneli zelanga zesilicon zenza i-73.3 yeepesenti yesabelo sentengiso ngo-2020;ifilimu ebhityileyo ibalelwa kwi-10.4 yeepesenti kunye neephaneli ezenziwe kwezinye izinto (i-dye-sensitised, concentrated photovoltaic, organic hybrids) imele i-16.3 eseleyo yeepesenti (Chowdhury et al, 2020).
Xa iqokelelwe, nayiphi naIphaneli yePVkunzima ukuqhaqha.Isakhelo se-aluminiyam kunye nebhokisi yesiphambuka inokususwa ngokulula ngokwaneleyo;inxalenye engumceli mngeni licwecwe leglasi elimcaba elilaminethiweyo, eliqulethe ixabiso eliphantsi lesinyithi esineferrous kunye ne-non-ferrous, iiplastiki kunye nemathiriyeli ye-semiconductor.Ngokuphathelele izisombululo zonyango, umngeni awukho ubugcisa, njengoko i-pyrolysis, ukuhlukana kwe-cryogenic (iqhwa), kunye ne-mechanical shredding zikhona njengeendlela zokwahlula izinto ezahlukeneyo.Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kukuba iiphaneli zePV azivelisi nkunkuma efana nokupakishwa kwenkunkuma okanye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ngexesha elifutshane lokuphila.Ngoko ke, umbuzo oyintloko ngowoqoqosho: ngubani oza kutyala imali kumgca wonyango ongenalo ingcamango xa inkunkuma iya kufika nini?
Iiphaneli zefilimu eThin-filimi zibandakanya inkqubo yonyango, efuna amanye amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukubuyisela intsimbi edityanisiweyo i-'cadmium telluride' ngokusingqongileyo.Ngelixa ukhetho oluncinci, iipaneli zefilimu ezincinci zinomsebenzi osebenzayo osebenzayo, izindlu ze-semiconductor ezincinci, ukonga kwiindleko kunye nekhabhoni ngexesha lokuvelisa.Ezi panels zisebenza ngcono kukukhanya okusezantsi kunye nee-engile 'ezigqithisileyo', ziluncedo kumphezulu othe nkqo kunye neefacade.
Ukubuyisela izinto, iiphaneli zefilimu ezibhityileyo zePV ziyaculwa ukuze zisuse i-lamination, ngaphambi kokuba i-shards eqinileyo kunye neyolwelo ihlulwe ngesikrufu esijikelezayo.Emva koko ifilimu iyasuswa kusetyenziswa iasidi neperoxide, kuze kulandele ukususwa kwezinto ezingaphakathi ngokungcangcazela, ngoxa iglasi nentsimbi eseleyo ziyahlukana zize zibuyiselwe.
Iphaneli yelanga iphinda isetyenziswe kwisikali
Ngaphandle kwamalinge angoku okurisayikilishwa akhula ngokuthe ngcembe, ngoku kuphela ngama-80 ukuya kuma-95 ekhulwini wemathiriyeli yephaneli yelanga eyenza ukuba isetyenziswe kwakhona iyafunyanwa.Ukuqhubela phambili oku, inkampani yokulawula inkunkuma i-Veolia ikhokela iprojekthi yokuzisa i-solar panel recycling epheleleyo kwi-industrial scale, kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo exhaswa ngemali yi-EIT RawMaterials.I-ReProSolar iphuhlisa inkqubo esebenza kakhulu yokuphinda isetyenziswe iiphaneli zokuphela kobomi, evumela ukuba zonke iimodyuli ze-silicon-based PV zibuyiselwe.
Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-delamination ukwahlula iseli yelanga kwipleyiti yeglasi, iinkqubo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zibuyisela zonke izinto, kuquka isilivere ecocekileyo kunye ne-silicon, ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa iimodyuli zePV.
Ngokubambisana neFLXRES GmbH kunye neROSI Solar, ezimbiniiinkampani zeteknolojiabaphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokubuyisela izixhobo eziluhlaza kwiipaneli ze-PV, iprojekthi iya kuvavanya ukwenzeka kwisikali soshishino ekupheleni konyaka, kunye neetoni ezingama-5,000 zeemodyuli ze-PV eziyekiweyo ukuba ziqhutywe ngonyaka kwisityalo sokubonisa eJamani ngo-2024.
Ukurhweba ngenkqubo epheleleyo yokurisayikilisha ngundoqo ekuhlangabezaneni nocelomngeni lwangoku lwemarike, ukuzisa unikezelo oluqinileyo lwamacandelo ephaneli yePV efunyenweyo ukuhlangabezana nemfuno enyukayo yeephaneli kunye nokuphatha umthamo onyukayo wenkunkuma yelanga.
Inzuzo enkulu yezoqoqosho inokwenziwa ekufumaneni kwakhona amacandelo ephaneli yePV yexabiso eliphezulu njengoko imfuno isanda.Ngokomzekelo, isilivere, ngelixa i-akhawunti ye-0.05 yepesenti yobunzima bepaneli, yenza ipesenti ze-14 zexabiso layo lemarike.Ezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo nezifumanekayo ziquka i-aluminiyam, ubhedu, kunye ne-tellurium.Ngokutsho kweRystad Energy, ngelixa izixhobo ezifunyenweyo kwiiphaneli zePV zokuphela kobomi ngoku zixabisa i-170 yezigidi zeedola, zimiselwe ukuba zixabise ngaphezulu kwe-2.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2030.
Ukuyila ngokutsha iiphaneli zelanga
Ukongeza kwizinto ezintsha zehlabathi zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwiphaneli yelanga, uyilo lweepaneli lukwacingisiswa ngokutsha ngokusetyenziswa kwakhona engqondweni.I-Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) iveze iiphaneli zelanga ezisanda kuphuhliswa ze-'Design for Recycling' (D4R) ngoDisemba ka-2021, ezenziwe ngokubhekiselele kuqwalaselo lokuphela kobomi.Iiphaneli, kunye nexesha elivavanyiweyo le-30 iminyaka, zenzelwe ukuchithwa lula ngaphandle kwezinto eziyingozi.
Iipaneli, ezifakwe nge-adhesive foil, zibambe indlela edibeneyo yokuqalisa ukuhlukana kweeseli kunye nezakhelo.Inkqubo inamandla aphantsi kwaye ayibandakanyi izinto eziyityhefu.
Uphando lugcinwe ziiprojekthi ezimbini, eyokuqala yiprojekthi ye-DEREC, ethe yacinga kwaye yavavanya iiphaneli ze-D4R kwinqanaba elincinci ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwazo okucocekileyo kulandela ubomi benkonzo obufanisiweyo.Iprojekthi ye-PARSEC iya kuthi emva koko inyuse itekhnoloji ukuya kwiipaneli ze-D4R ezipheleleyo zokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kunye nendawo yokuhlala.
Ngelixa iipaneliyenziwephantse iminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo ebeka umceli mngeni wangoku kubahlaziyi, iiphaneli ze-D4R zinokwenza lula uhlaziyo lwephaneli ukuqhuba ishishini phambili.Kwaye, ukongeza kwiipaneli ezintsha, i-consortium iphanda iindlela zokuphinda isetyenziswe kwiimodeli zangoku zephaneli yelanga, ukufezekisa ukufunyanwa kwe-silicon esulungekileyo ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ukuququmbela
Okongeziweyo, ezi zinto zintsha zibonisa isithembiso ekugxininiseni kwazo ekurhwebeni, nangona inkxalabo ihleli malunga nokuba isikali esifunekayo siya kuhlangatyezwana naso, kunye nemiqulu yomibini yeepaneli ezingasebenziyo kunye nemfuno entsha eyandayo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iinzame zokurhweba zihamba kakuhle, kwaye ukuba izicwangciso zokwenza iipaneli ezivela kwizinto ezifunyenwe ngokupheleleyo zingahanjiswa, imboni yepaneli yelanga ijonge uqoqosho olujikelezayo oluqinileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-11-2023